On the Clustering of Head-Related Transfer Functions Used for 3-D Sound Localization
نویسندگان
چکیده
Head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) serve the increasingly dominant role of implementation 3-D audio systems, which have been realized in some commercial applications. However, the cost of a 3-D audio system cannot be brought down because the efficiency of computation, the size of memory, and the synthesis of unmeasured HRTFs remain to be made better. This paper presents a way to moderate the memory requirement and computational complexity in order to reduce the cost of a 3-D audio system. We employ the library of HRTF measurements called Knowles Electronics Mannequin for Acoustic Research (KEMAR) as the original data [8]. First of all, each HRTF measurement has to be approximated in the minimum phase, and the length of the HRTF is limited by use of a modified Hamming window function, if necessary. Second, we propose an improved LBG-based clustering algorithm to lower the huge number of HRTFs. During the clustering, each HRTF is represented by its power cepstrum. Only portions of the HRTFs are reserved, and the others are neglected on condition that the minimal average mismatch distance between measured and synthesized HRTFs is achieved. Before applying localization of 3-D sounds, both unmeasured and removed HRTFs can be synthesized by linear interpolation and interaural time difference insertion. Experimental results reveal that the average and the maximum mismatch distances deriving from our improved LBG-based clustering method are less than those from the uniform clustering and LBG-based clustering methods [13].
منابع مشابه
An approach to individualization of head-related transfer functions based on the spectral cues for sound localization
متن کامل
Simply Realization of Sound Localization Using HRTF Approximated by IIR Filter
HRTFs (head-related transfer functions) are available for sound field reproduction with spatial fidelity, since HRTFs involve the acoustic cues such as interaural time difference, interaural intensity difference and spectral cues that are used for the perception of the location of a sound image. Generally, FIR filters are used in the simulation of HRTFs. However, this method is not useful for a...
متن کاملSound Localization in a Sound Field Represented by Spherical Harmonics
Sound localization is an important aspect in human hearing, with interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD) as two binaural cues that complement each other in this goal. Head related transfer functions (HRTFs) can be used to estimate and analyze these cues, where an HRTF representation in the spherical harmonics domain has recently been suggested for analysis. The ai...
متن کامل3-d Sound Image Localization by Interaural Differences and the Median Plane Hrtf
A new 3-D localization method by simulating interaural differences and the HRTF in a sagittal plane is proposed. This method is based on the supposition that the spectral cues would be common in any sagittal plane. Localization tests were performed to examine the method. The results infer that a sound image of any directions can be localized using the HRTF in the median plane and interaural dif...
متن کاملSound localization with head movement: implications for 3-d audio displays
Previous studies have shown that the accuracy of sound localization is improved if listeners are allowed to move their heads during signal presentation. This study describes the function relating localization accuracy to the extent of head movement in azimuth. Sounds that are difficult to localize were presented in the free field from sources at a wide range of azimuths and elevations. Sounds r...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید
ثبت ناماگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید
ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- J. Inf. Sci. Eng.
دوره 19 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2003